Term Papers on Radio Frequency Identification Technology

Term Paper Title	Radio Frequency Identification Technology
# of Words	1679
# of Pages (250 words per page double spaced)	6.72

Radio Frequency Identification Technology

Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology uses electromagnetic energy (radio) as a medium through which to send information.

With RFID technology, one can tag things such as assets, animals, and people so that they may be identified or tracked automatically via a reader, which is frequently connected to a host computer that may contain additional data tied to the object's ID number. The tag contains programmed information about the object to which it is attached. The reader can then query its nearby space to see if a tag is present.

An RFID tag typically includes a receiver and some type of transmitter, an antenna, and memory. There are many types of
RFID tags:

     read-only or read-write memory
     battery powered (active), without battery power (passive),
     active transmit, or modulated backscatter (MBS) (passive or reflective transmit)
     large or small
     long or short range (maximum distance between tag and reader)
     high frequency (above 100Mhz), low frequency (usually 125 Khz)
     expensive or inexpensive.

Read-only tags have an identification number "burned in" at the factory and cannot be changed thereafter--only read.  Read-write tags have a type of memory that can be read and written to repeatedly via commands from the reader. Tags without batteries are known as passive tags, deriving their power from the RF energy transmitted from the reader. Modulated backscatter transmit is a technique that alternately reflects energy back to the reader dictated by the data stream from the tag.
Active transmitters actually send the data back to the reader with radio power generated from the tag. MBS is better in gate or lane applications where you don't want to wake up (see) any tags beyond a certain distance and where there are few obstructions in the energy path. The energy from the reader must pass through the obstructions twice--once moving from the reader to the tag and again moving from the tag to the reader. Active transmitters are used in applications involving significant obstructions and for longer ranges (say, over 100 feet). Smaller tags have tended to be passive (without batteries), read-only, and short range (under six feet), whereas battery-powered tags have tended to be larger, but offer read-write and long range capability. Low frequency tags tend to use hundreds of turns (windings) of copper wire because they are coupled via the magnetic field. High frequency tags tend to use single-turn loop or dipole antennas, which are more efficient than winding!
s. It is important for the high-frequency tags to have more antenna efficiency because the tags use more power to transmit over the same amount of range compared with lower frequency tags.

RFID technology overcomes the limitations of other automatic identification approaches using light, such as bar codes and infrared technology, because the tag may be placed so that it is hidden or invisible to the eye, and it can be used in harsh or dirty environments. Readers can be set to read automatically without manually scanning the object as in most bar code systems. For over forty years, RFID technology has been centered around passive, read-only tags. They are durable, can be used in harsh environments, and are inexpensive (usually below $3 in large volumes).

Despite their limitations, RFID tags have been useful in solving many industry problems.

The RFID asset identification system permits hands-free automatic identification of computers, office equipment, hospital assets, inventory, personnel and other valuable assets. The data collected from the RFID tag is transmitted via the antenna and decoder to the user's host equipment. Data can also be transmitted to the tag and stored in its on-board memory. The RFID System is the perfect solution for :

     Production control
     Loss prevention
     Assembly line management
     Entrance/exit door control
     Asset managementt
     Inventory management
     Personnel flow control
     ...

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