Term Papers on Midway

Term Paper Title	Midway
# of Words	4921
# of Pages (250 words per page double spaced)	19.68

Midway

     Nothing distinguished the dawn of June 2, 1942, from countless other dawns that had fallen over
tiny Midway atoll in the North Pacific. Nothing, that is, except the tension, the electric tension of men
waiting for an enemy to make his move. On Midway's two main islands, Sand and Eastern, 3,632 United
States Navy and Marine Corps personnel, along with a few Army Air Force aircrews, stood at battle
stations in and near their fighters, bombers, and seaplanes, waiting for the Japanese attack they had been
expecting for weeks.
     The carrier battle of Midway, one of the decisive naval battles in history, is well documented. But
the role played by the Midway garrison, which manned the naval air station on the atoll during the battle, is
not as well known. Midway lies 1,135 miles west-northwest of Pearl Harbor, Oahu. The entire atoll is
barely six miles in diameter and consists of Sand and Eastern islands surrounded by a coral reef enclosing a
shallow lagoon. Midway was discovered in 1859 and annexed by the United States in August 1867.
Between 1903 and 1940, it served both as a cable station on the Honolulu - Guam Manila underwater
telegraph line and as an airport for the Pan American Airways China Clipper (Miracle 5). In March 1940,
after a report on U.S. Navy Pacific bases declared Midway second only to Pearl Harbor in importance,
construction of a formal naval air station began.
     Midway Naval Air Station was placed in commission in August 1941. By that time, Midway's
facilities included a large seaplane hangar and ramps, artificial harbor, fuel storage tanks and several
buildings. Sand Island was populated by hundreds of civilian construction workers and a defense battalion
of the Fleet Marine Force, while Eastern Island boasted a 5,300-foot airstrip. Commander Cyril T. Simard,
a veteran naval pilot who had served as air officer on the carrier USS Langley and as executive officer at
the San Diego Air Station, was designated the atoll's commanding officer. Along with the naval personnel
manning the air station was a detachment of Marines. The first detachment was from the Marine 3rd
Defense Battalion; it was relieved on September 11, 1941, by 34 officers and 750 men from the 6th
Defense Battalion under the command of Lt. Col. Harold D. Shannon, a veteran of World War I and duty in
Panama and Hawaii. Shannon and Simard meshed into an effective team righ!
t away.
      World War II began for Midway at 6:30 a.m. December 7, 1941, when the garrison received word
of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. At 6:42 p.m., a Marine sentry sighted a flashing light out at sea and
alerted the garrison. Three hours later, the Japanese destroyers Sazanami and Ushio opened fire, damaging
a seaplane hangar, knocking out the Pan American direction finder and destroying a consolidated PBY
Catalina flying boat. The Japanese retired at 10:00 p.m., leaving four Midway defenders dead and 10
wounded. On December 23, 1941, Midway's air defenses were reinforced with 17 SB2U-3 Vought
Vindicator dive bombers, 14 Brewster F2A-3 Buffalo fighters, and pilots and aircrews originally intended
for the relief of Wake Island. The Buffaloes and Vindicators were cast-off aircraft, having been replaced by
the Douglas SBD-2 Dauntless dive bombers and Grumman F4F-3 Wildcat fighters on U.S. aircraft carriers.
The Buffaloes became part of MarineFighter Squadron 221 (VMF-221), while!
the Vindicators were put into Marine Scout Bombing Squadron 241 (VMSB-241), both making up Marine
Air Group 22 (MAG-22) under Lt. Col. Ira B. Kimes.
     Midway settled into a routine of training and anti-submarine flights, with little else to do except
play endless games of cards and cribbage, and watch Midway's famous albatrosses, nicknamed gooney
birds, in action (Stevens 56). Then, in May 1942, Admiral Isoruku Yamamoto,  commander in chief of the
Japanese Combined Fleet, came up with a plan, called Operation Mi, to draw out the U.S. Pacific Fleet by
attacking Midway. Using Midway as bait and gathering a ...

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