Term Papers on Human Cloning

Term Paper Title	Human Cloning
# of Words	826
# of Pages (250 words per page double spaced)	3.3

Human Cloning

Biological Aspects

True human cloning involves taking a somatic cell from a person and removing its nucleus. Then the nucleus of a fertilized egg cell is removed
and placed in the somatic cell. This is impossible in humans right now because the somatic cells are specialized and there are many genes that
have been switched off in them that we do not know how to turn them back on. This was done with frogs however. The eggs were implanted
with the nuclei from the intestinal lining of tadpoles. Most of these frogs died or grew into monsters. Of the ones that did grow normally they
were sterile.

Embryo splitting or blastomere separation is what is most commonly referred to as human cloning. Embryos in the early stages of development
start to divide into cells called blastomeres. The zona pellucida (a protective covering for the egg) is punctured or removed and the blastomeres
are separated from each other. Each blastomere is then covered with an artificial zona pellucida. Then each of the blastomeres starts dividing
and becomes an embryo. This was attempted by Hall and Stillman in 1993. They used embryos that contained too much genetic information
and got as far as 32-cell divisions in some the embryos. At this stage the embryo can be implanted in the womb.

Another technique is nuclear transplantation. In this process unspecialized embryonic cells are used and their nuclei are removed. An embryo
in the 32-cell division stage has its blastomeres separated and then the blastomere is fused with an egg cell by using an electric current or
another method.

A possibility for human cloning that has been proposed is that of the embryos that were cloned and not implanted would be frozen for use in a
catalog. The child that was born from a cloned embryo would have a picture taken of him/her and placed in a catalog along with a description
of the child. Then prospective parents could choose the child that they want, order its embryo, and implant it into the woman's womb. Then
after nine months the couple would have their dream child.

Something else that has been proposed is that a black market for embryos would arise. In this situation infertile couples could buy a cloned
embryo that was stolen or was to be discarded in order to have a child. Embryo splitting could also be used to rid the world of genetic
diseases. One could clone their embryo and test one of the clones for a genetic disease. If the embryo tests positive then all of the clones
would be destroyed. If the embryo tests negative for diseases then one of the clones could be implan...

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