Term Papers on The Origins Of The Computer

Term Paper Title	The Origins Of The Computer
# of Words	986
# of Pages (250 words per page double spaced)	3.94

The Origins of the Computer

This report is to be distributed freely and not to be sold for profit ect. This
report can be modifyed as long as you keep in mind that you didn't write it. And
you are not to hand in this report claiming credit for it heheh.

     The Roman Empire, founded by Augustus Caesar in 27 B.C. and lasting in
Western Europe for 500 years, reorganized for world politics and economics.
Almost the entirety of the civilized world became a single centralized state. In
place of Greek democracy, piety, and independence came Roman authoritarianism
and practicality. Vast prosperity resulted. Europe and the Mediterranean bloomed
with trading cities ten times the size of their predecessors with public
amenities previously unheard of courts, theaters, circuses, and public baths.
And these were now large permanent masonry buildings as were the habitations,
tall apartment houses covering whole city blocks.

     This architectural revolution brought about by the Romans required two
innovations: the invention of a new building method called concrete vaulting and
the organization of labor and capital on a large scale so that huge projects
could be executed quickly after the plans of a single master architect.

     Roman concrete was a fluid mixture of lime and small stones poured into
the hollow centers of walls faced with brick or stone and over curved wooden
molds, or forms, to span spaces as vaults. The Mediterranean is an active
volcanic region, and a spongy, light, tightly adhering stone called pozzolana
was used to produce a concrete that was both light and extremely strong.

     The Romans had developed potsalana concrete about 100 B.C. but at first
used it only for terrace walls and foundations.  It apparently was emperor Nero
who first used the material on a grand scale to rebuild a region of the city of
Rome around his palace, the expansive Domus Aurea, after the great fire of AD 64
which he said to have set. Here broad streets, regular blocks of masonry
apartment houses, and continuous colonnaded porticoes were erected according to
a single plan and partially at state expense. The Domus Aurea itself was a
labyrinth of concrete vaulted rooms, many in complex geometric forms. An
extensive garden with a lake and forest spread around it.

     The architect Severus seems to have been in charge of this great project.
Emperors and emperors' architects succeeding Nero and Severus continued and
expanded their work of rebuilding and regularizing Rome. Vespasian (emperor AD
63-79) began the Colosseum. Which I have a model bad of. Built by prisoners from
the Jewish wars the 50,000 Colosseum is one of the most intresting architectural
feets of Rome.  At its opening in 80 A.D. the Colosseum was flooded by diverting
the Tiber river about 10 kilometers to renact a naval battel with over 3,000
participants.  Domitian (81-96) rebuilt the Palatine Hill as a huge palace of
vaulted concrete designed by his architect Rabirius. Trajan (97-117) erected the
expansive forum that bears his name (designed by his architect Apollodorus) and
a huge public bath. Hadrian (117-138) who served as his own archite...

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